Catullus free essay sample

Catullus makes two sonnets, which show his monstrous love and friendship for his better half, Clodia. The substance of the sonnets is the equivalent and the topics contain comparable thoughts of everlasting adoration. The perusers would first be able to see that these sonnets are firmly related on the grounds that in the initial two lines of the two sonnets â€Å"Lesbia† is tended to. This shows Catullus is conversing with his sweetheart and this associates the two sonnets from the earliest starting point. Likewise the two sonnets have comparative fundamental subjects of affection and kissing. In sonnet five one would first be able to see that Catullus is expounding on the affection he has for Lesbia when he says, â€Å"Da mi basia mille (give me a thousand kisses. (line 7)† This shows he adores Lesbia and needs to show that affection in a physical manner. In sonnet seven the subject of kissing and love is indicated promptly when Catullus states, â€Å"Quaeris-superque (you solicit how my demonstrations from kissings of you are sufficient and over Lesbia. We will compose a custom exposition test on Catullus or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page )(lines 1-2)† This line is underlined by the word â€Å"basiationes(acts of kissings)† in light of the fact that this theoretical, polysyllabic thing, shaped from basium was made by Catullus and utilized uniquely here. Catullus does this to show his uncommon love for Lesbia. In this way one can see the topical association of Catullus demonstrating his affection in both the sonnets. The sonnets additionally share comparable word usages and structures making another connection between the two sonnets. The two sonnets are written in a similar meter called hendecasyllabic. These sonnets written in same organization cause the peruser to connect them with one another. Likewise the sonnets both contain numerous number words. In sonnet five this can be seen when Catullus says, â€Å"Da-centum(give me a thousand kisses, at that point a hundred, at that point another thousand, at that point a subsequent hundred, at that point promptly another thousand, at that point a hundred. )(lines 7-9)† In these lines Catullus utilizes different number words to depict the measure of kisses he wishes to impart to Lesbia. These extraordinary measures of kisses cause the perusers to see the amount Catullus cherishes Lesbia and how incredible his fondness for Lesbia is. Additionally these lines are underlined by Catullus’s utilization of anaphora, or redundancy of the entire word. He the number words â€Å"mille† and â€Å"centum† on numerous occasions to show the enormous quantities of kisses and his extraordinary love for his better half. Additionally he utilizes anaphora with the words â€Å"dein† and â€Å"deinde† to show that after one lot of kisses then there will consistently be another. This makes perusers arrive at the resolution that he never needs the kisses to stop. In sonnet seven Catullus is further communicating his extraordinary love for Lesbia. In this sonnet he exhibits he cherishes her a ton by additionally utilizing the topic of tallying. In any case, in this sonnet he looks at the measure of kissings he wishes to have with Lesbia to enormous quantities of different things. He starts by utilizing a likeness to contrast their kissings with sand saying they resembled an extraordinary number of sands of Libyssa laying on lasepiciferum bearing Cyrena (magnus-Lyrenis)(lines 3-4). This shows there are bunches of kisses in light of the fact that there were a huge number of grains of sand. Additionally he proceeds to contrast the demonstrations of kissings with numerous stars when the night hushes up (sidera-nox)(line 7). Also, in conclusion he shows that they kissed a ton by saying â€Å"te-basiare(to kiss you such a large number of kisses. )(line 9)† This shows the couple had kissed each other commonly and this is underlined by polyptoton (basia amp;basiare). In these examinations Catullus utilizes different number words which makes another tie between sonnet five and seven. Additionally in the entirety of his number correlations in the two sonnets he utilizes metaphor since its unrealistic to kiss somebody that multiple occasions. In this way the structure and utilization of comparable sayings makes a bond between the two sonnets. Catullus composed sonnet seven of every a reaction to Lesbia’s question about sonnet five. Catullus composed the two sonnets with comparable substance, style and structure to set up their topical association. In the two sonnets he exhibits his huge measure of affection and care he has for Lesbia. He does this by utilizing similar sayings and subjects to make the connection to the two sonnets. Along these lines Catullus associates the sonnets and shows his adoration for Lesbia.

Is the U.S. Winning the Drug War in Latin America Research Paper

Is the U.S. Winning the Drug War in Latin America - Research Paper Example CON: No the U.S. isn't winning the war on drugs in Latin America because†¦ 1. War on drugs has been a misuse of valuable time and assets that could have been put to more readily utilize somewhere else 2. The war on drugs has been hazardous for the Latin American governments explicitly as they are ones being exposed to mass homicides and viciousness more than ever 3. War has prompted debilitated foundations and social shakiness in these nations prompting more squirm space for these cartels 4. As indicated by the figures, utilization of illicit medications has consistently expanded in the United States. The United States Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano accepts that the war on drugs is a triumph. As indicated by her I would not concur with the reason that the medication war is a disappointment, Napolitano said. It is a proceeding with exertion to shield our people groups from getting dependent on risky medications. The U.S. government embraces this battle with the a ssistance of taking an interest nations, for the most part from Latin America. The points of this crusade are a few. Right off the bat, the American War on Drugs means to lessen unlawful medication exchange. Besides, they will likely battle liberal political developments, uproars and revolts in different nations. The going with laws set out severe arrangements and decisions so as to discourage the creation, dissemination and utilization of focused substances. (Grillo and Garcia, 2012; The White House.gov, n.d.) The United States embraced the War on Drugs during the Nixon organization and forty years on it is as yet seething. It is a very dubious activity by the United States on the universal unlawful medication exchange. The War on Drugs has been on for quite a while. Furthermore, many accept that it is being won as well. (Grillo and Garcia, 2012) The American war on drugs is viewed as a triumph since it is consistently achieving its objectives of deflecting unlawful medications fro m entering United States. Despite the fact that the demonstration despite everything occurs, the outskirt watch security has been getting crooks in the demonstration which are later attempted in the courtroom. This has made many medication dealers proceed onward to various exchange as the risk and shame related with sedate transportation has expanded fundamentally. The medication exchange has numerous unsafe impacts on the wellbeing, wellbeing and security of the American residents. (The White House.gov, n.d.) U.S. what's more, Mexican law requirement authorities are of the assessment that the present influx of savagery in Mexico and other Latin American nations is because of the way that the war on drugs is making serious weights on the medication related associations and these come conflicting into one another. In the event that the medication exertion were coming up short there would be no brutality, a senior U.S. official said Wednesday. There is brutality on the grounds that th ese folks are thrashing. We're taking these folks out. The most exceedingly awful thing you could do is stop now. (De-Cordoba) Drug clients put an enormous strain on society and cocaine related savagery is a case of what it does to sedate abusers and people around them. Accordingly, it is essential to help the war on drugs. It might appear to be costly, yet the impact of medication abuser on our society’s wellbeing is considerably progressively expensive over the long haul. (Joined Nations, 1994) Compared to 30 years back, there has been a 46% abatement in cocaine use among youthful grown-ups in the previous five years. Another feature of this is the instruction program for youngsters and youthful grown-ups in which they are taught about the hazards of medication misuse. Despite the fact that

Neurontin and Its Off-Label Use in Bipolar Disorder

Neurontin and Its Off-Label Use in Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print Neurontin and Its Off-Label Use in Bipolar Disorder By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on January 30, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on February 17, 2020 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Peter Dazeley/Getty Images Neurontin (gabapentin) is sometimes prescribed off-label to treat  bipolar disorder. Lets review the basics on Neurontin, including side effects and whether science supports its use as a mood stabilizer. What Medical Conditions Is Neurontin Approved to Treat? Neurontin is a medication  approved by the FDA to treat partial seizures and postherpetic neuralgia, pain that remains after someone has  shingles.   Potential Serious Side Effects According to the FDA, Neurontin may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior.?? Patients treated with any anti-seizure medications, like Neurontin, should be monitored for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidal thoughts or behavior, and/or any unusual changes in mood or behavior. Neurontin may also cause a serious allergic reaction that can impact a persons liver or blood cells, but alone, it does not cause jaundice or elevated liver enzymes. In fact, it is known to be a liver-friendly drug. Signs of an allergic reaction may include: RashTrouble breathingFeverSwollen glands that dont get betterSwelling of the face, lips, throat, or tongue   Symptoms or signs of liver or blood cell problems may include: Yellowing of the skin or eyesOut of the ordinary bruising or bleedingSevere fatigueOut of the ordinary muscle painFrequent infections Neurontin can also make a person feel dizzy or sleepy. This can affect their driving abilities. According to the FDA and manufacturer, its important to discuss with your doctor whether its safe for you to drive while on Neurontin. Its also advised to avoid alcohol and not take other medications with Neurontin until you speak with your doctor, as this can worsen your sleepiness.  People with renal (kidney) Potential Common Side Effects Neurontin may cause serious side effects, including:?? Loss of balance or coordinationFatigue and/or drowsinessInfection with virusesFeverJerky movementsNausea and vomitingDifficulty speakingDouble visionTremorUnusual eye movements Controversy in Treating Bipolar Disorder While a number of anti-seizure medications, like Tegretol (carbamazepine), valproate, and Lamictal (lamotrigine), are approved by the FDA for treating bipolar disorder, Neurontin (gabapentin) is not.   In 1993, Neurontin was approved by the FDA for the treatment of partial complex seizures, in combination with another anti-seizure medication. Neurontin was marketed by its manufacturer for off-label use in treating bipolar disorder, despite the fact that there was not sufficient scientific data to back it up. A lawsuit resulted because it was believed that the medication was marketed fraudulently for unapproved uses.   Does Science Support Neurontins Use for Bipolar Disorder? A 2009 review in General Hospital Psychiatry, regarding gabapentin as a mood stabilizer, found no reports of studies meeting high-quality criteria â€" and the results of those studies examined were mixed, favoring a negative role for gabapentins use in treating bipolar disorder.   That being said, according to a 2007 review study in the Annals of General Psychiatry,  Neurontin can be used as a supplementary therapy for the treatment of anxiety in patients with bipolar disorder.   What Should I Do? Its always a good idea to be knowledgeable about your medications. That being said, do not stop taking a medication without first speaking with your doctor. Withdrawal symptoms can occur. While the science is not robust regarding gabapentins effectiveness in treating bipolar disorder, it may just work for youâ€"each person has to evaluate his or her response with their doctor. How Bipolar Disorder Is Treated

The Motivation Of The Deaf - 1463 Words

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction The literature review aims at Identifying and examining what has been done by other schedule and researchers about the motivation of the deaf in the classroom. The literature review aimed at highlighting on motivational theories that have been over the years in most educational systems to motivate both the hearing and the hearing-impaired learners. The issues discussed are the study objectives, and they are categorized under; Main review, summary, theoretical and conceptual frameworks. 2.2 Main review Almost all motivation theorists believe that motivation is required for the performance of learned responses. It means that a learned behavior will not occur unless it is energized.it is, therefore, vital that learners are motivated. Several theories have been used to explain different aspects that can be used by teachers to motivate their learners. 2.3 Theoretical and conceptual frameworks Cognitive evaluation theory The theory postulates that motivation can either be extrinsic or intrinsic. Where intrinsic motivators are those that result from the actual performance of a given task they may include achievement, competence and responsibility. Extrinsic motivators, on the other hand, are said to be those that arise from an individual’s environment .such may include the feedback or rewards earned. In this sense, a teacher for the deaf should study the attributes of his or her students and determine whether they are intrinsicallyShow MoreRelatedASL Challenge Paper1016 Words   |  5 Pagesspeaking of the hands for the deaf community and anyone who is interested to learn can join in easily, but only if they can hoop over some of the languages major challenges. In the article â€Å"Why is Learning American Sign Language a Challenge?† by Professor Mike Kent, he discusses the top 5 ASL challenges he has come across. The first challenge being social dominance patterns and attitude. This challenge is definitely a struggle for many new learners. People think that the deaf are nothing more than handicappedRead MoreCulture : The American Culture1014 Words   |  5 Pagesculture that I find interesting is the Deaf culture. I am fascinated by everything in Deaf culture, their language, their motivation, and their education are completely unique to them. I believe that the most unique characteristic to Deaf culture is their language, sign language. The Deaf community conveys themselves through the use of sign language. Sign language is a bodily language, by which using hand gestures and bodily movements to communicate with others. The Deaf community uses sign language toRead MoreWho Has Influenced Deaf Literature More Than George Veditz961 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluenced deaf literature more than George Veditz. I like to label him as a hero, among other adjectives. Born in August 13th, 1861, Veditz b ecame deaf at the age of 8 due to scarlet fever, according to Gallaudet.edu. After becoming deaf, he was privately tutored for 6 years until the age of 14. He then later enrolled in the Maryland School for the Deaf. He then received his masters from Gallaudet in 1887. After this, he moved to Colorado Springs where he taught at the Colorado School for the Deaf forRead MoreDeaf : The Deaf Way Of Knowing1247 Words   |  5 PagesNoted Deaf educator Tom Holcomb, in his 2010 paper, Deaf Epistemology: the deaf way of knowing, posits that the flow of knowledge is fundamentally different in hearing and Deaf cultures. That is, Deaf learners tend to collect information from direct experience or from the secondhand experiences reported to them by other Deaf persons. Hearing learners accumulate information through oral transmission, mostly in formal educational settings but also via casual social contacts. (Holcomb, 2010). IndeedRead MoreThe Low Level Of Physical Activities895 Words   |  4 Pages In the overweight and obese population, appears to impact significantly children who are Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHOH). The low level of physical activities among DHOH children has one of the highest cases of overweight and obesity in both the America and Europe (Martin, Shapiro, Prokesovà ¡, 2013). The incline in weight gain among DHOH children is caused by the lack of social support from their parents and peers (Martin et al., 2013). The association between DHOH and physical inactivity’sRead MoreAre Cochlear Implants Threatening The Deaf Community?1417 Words   |  6 PagesThreatening the Deaf Community? According to the Deaf Culture Centre, Deaf Culture is defined as the â€Å"heart of the Deaf community everywhere in the world. Language and culture are inseparable. They are intertwined and passed down through generations of Deaf people.† It is estimated that nearly 20 percent of Americans live with some form of hearing loss, yet deaf and hard of hearing society members remain oppressed by the mainstream culture (Callis). These people that identify with the deaf culture, useRead MoreWhy I Decided to Enter the Teaching Profession1020 Words   |  4 PagesInstructor Diploma Course. I am part-time instructor assistant for Deaf and Hard of Hearing program (DHH) at Vancouver Community College. I have worked with varied students – deaf, hard of hearing, deaf with disabilities. All of those adult students from full diversity of different sector and different religions in existing country. Not only that, some of students are fortunate enough to have already attended schools for the deaf in their home countries, and others may have had no education at allRead MoreThe Invention of the Telephone659 Words   |  3 Pagesin Edinburgh, Scotland. His main interests were Science, especially Biology, which is the study of life and all living organisms. Both his mother and soon to be wife were deaf which sort of motivated Bell towards creating the telephone which involved hearing which they could not do. Bell was an only child that’s mother was deaf so he was mostly raised by his father Professor Alexander Melville Bell. At 15 due to bad grades at his high school, Royal High School Edinburgh, he moved to London at hisRead MoreThe technology of Australian time The bionic Ear1000 Words   |  4 Pages The technology of Australian time The bionic Ear Introduction Advancements in Information Technology have now made it possible to restore hearing to the profoundly deaf by inserting a prosthetic device called the Bionic Ear (also known as the Cochlear Implant) in an individual’s inner ear. The Bionic Ear technology is an example of design and innovation combined with information processing, software design and development. Since it was first invented, technology advancementsRead MoreEssay on 4222-258 INTRODUCTORY AWARENESS OF SENSORY LOSS893 Words   |  4 Pagesbeliefs that you hold are either empowering, or, dis-empowering. Brainstorming all the thoughts that you feel are holding you back from achieve your goals. Set a Goal and prioritize what you want to archive first. Positive thinking and motivation is Key to overcome these attitudes and beliefs. Outcome 2 1. Outline what needs to be considered when communicating individuals with Sight loss Make an effort to avoid nonverbal responses, such as nods or headshakes. Remember that body

Dementia Awareness - 1508 Words

NVQ Level 2 Health and Social Care Katarzyna Nowaczewska Ace Homecare 2015 Unit 13 Dementia Awareness 1. Understand what dementia is 1.1 Explain what mean by the term dementia The word dementia describes a set of symptoms that may include memory loss and difficulties with thinking, problem-solving or language. Dementia is caused when the brain is damaged by diseases, such as Alzheimer s disease or a series of strokes. 1.2 Describe the key functions of the brain that are - affected by dementia The main areas of the brain that are affected by dementia in terms of causing difficulties with their functions are: ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § Frontal lobe - movement, emotional behaviour, personality, interpretation and feeling, Parietal lobe -†¦show more content†¦3.2 Describe the likely signs and symptoms of the most common causes of dementia Alzheimer’s disease - difficulties with remembering, using language to speak becomes more difficult, thinking and making decisions becomes harder as the person becomes more confused. Lewy body dementia - the physical symptoms include can cause the person’s movements to slow down and can make them more likely to have trips and falls. There will be memory loss, difficulties with using language and making decisions. Hallucinations, double vision and problems with balance are also common. Vascular dementia - difficulties with speaking and using the right language, the person’s balance and co-ordination can be affected as well as memory loss. Fronto-temporal dementia - difficulties with language, behaviour and feelings. The person might have mood swings and variable and inappropriate behaviour. 3.3 Outline the risk factors for the most common causes of dementia The risk factors include : ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § family members with this condition means in terms of the genes that there is more chance of developing dementia, person which has high blood pressure which can cause a stroke then this will be another risk factor, unhealthy lifestyle such as smoking, lack of exercise and eating food high in cholesterol can lead to an increase in risk of having a stroke, ï‚ § person with medical condition such as Huntingdon’s disease as dementia occurs in most cases. 3.4 IdentifyShow MoreRelatedncfe dementia awareness3600 Words   |  15 Pages1 Explain what is meant by the term ‘dementia’ Learner answer 1 dementia is not a disease or illness its an overall term which describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memories or a persons other mental abilities which in turn can reduce a persons ability to perform everyday tasks. 2a Incorporating your assessment pack and using the diagram as a guide, describe the key functions of the brain that can be affected by dementia. a) Name area 1 of the brain and its key functionRead MoreResearch Proposal Dementia in Older People Early Dignosis and Public Awareness Leicester Le S in Liecester5527 Words   |  23 PagesDementia-----In older people Public Awareness and Early diagnosis in Leicester (Word Count:5103 words) Submitted in part fulfilment for the award Of Masters in Public Health Submission date: 3rd February 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I. Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ChapterRead MoreDementia Awareness1790 Words   |  8 PagesCU238P Dementia Awareness 1.1 Explain what is meant by the term ‘dementia’. The term dementia is used to describe an illness that affects the memory. Patients can suffer from forgetfulness, loss of memory and the inability to remember new information. As well as being unable to speak and be understood by others and be unable to carry out general tasks. Patients can also suffer from mood changes and all reasoning. This all has an effect on daily routines and people become unable to look afterRead Moredementia awareness3879 Words   |  16 PagesDEMENTIA AWARENESS Explain what is meant by the term Dementia The term dementia describes a set of symptoms which include loss of memory, mood changes, processing information and problems with communication and reasoning. 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Many people often get these confused, and can cause confusionRead MoreUnit 4222-237 Dementia Awareness (DEM 201) Essay4308 Words   |  18 Pagesï » ¿Unit 4222-237 Dementia Awareness (DEM 201) 1.1 – Explain what is meant by the term ‘dementia’ The term dementia describes a set of symptoms which include loss of memory, mood changes and problems with communication and reasoning. These symptoms occur when the brain is damaged by numerous certain diseases. Dementia is progressive, which means the symptoms will gradually get worse. How fast dementia progresses will depend on the individual person and what type of dementia they have. Each personRead MoreTechnological Approaches For Dementia Patients845 Words   |  4 PagesTechnological Approaches to Care of Dementia Patients Dementia describes a decline in mental ability. Alzheimer disease, which damages brain cells, is the major cause of dementia. It is estimated that around 850,000 people in UK developed dementia in 2015. 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Tsmg5340 Huawei Free Essays

TSMG 5340 Wenzhao Li HUAWEI: CISCO’S CHINESE CHALLENGER The explosive growth of mobile Internet, fueled by the technological innovations, has affected every aspect of our lives. Mobile devices such as smart phones and PDA and even smart pets are now being interwoven into the fabric of our lives. The ultimate goal of all these devices is to bring all people into a networked society. We will write a custom essay sample on Tsmg5340 Huawei or any similar topic only for you Order Now Behind all these amazing devices, however, are the efforts of the telecom equipment companies, such as Alcatel, Lucent, 3Com and Cisco. Among all of these companies, there is a Chinese company, named Huawei, gradually being attention by the global telecom industry. For Huawei, its ambition is to catch up with Cisco as a world leader other than a domestic giant, which we know that none Chinese company has ever achieved in an industry as important as telecommunication. In my reading of this issue, trying to comprehensively understand Huawei’s situation in venturing into international market, four observations stand out: strength of Huawei, weakness of Huawei, Huawei’s opportunities and threats faced by Huawei. Strength: Firstly, China’s telecom equipment market is the background of Huawei. China’s telecom industry achieved substantial double-digit growth in 1980s, and surpassed US to become the largest telecom market by the end of 2002. The glooming growth in Chinese market is an initial power of Huawei’s growth. Table 2 in the case shows that as early as 2005, Huawei had achieved the market leader with the share of 13. 5%. And since China was the largest market, Huawei had become the largest domestic telecom equipment company. Secondly, the special company culture and foresight shown by the company make Huawei an extraordinary different company. The military-styled â€Å"Wolf-Pack† corporate culture and relationship with Chinese government are the â€Å"trump cards† of Huawei. The chairman, Zhengfei, admitted that: â€Å"If there had been no government policy to protect, Huawei would no longer exist†. But this is not the only reason of Huawei’s success. Different from other companies, who following the country’s policy of â€Å"exchanging market for technology†, Huawei put more efforts on research and development, and investing huge punch of money in the future technology (example of investment in 3G). In this way, Huawei becomes more competitive, holding large amounts of cash and patents. As Huawei becoming more and more powerful, they start to build a national recruitment system with exceptionally high pay by Chinese standards, making them an ideal employer of college graduates. RD investment, patents, high salaries†¦all of these characteristics belonging to western technology powerhouse are replicated by Huawei to its model of corporate management. Thirdly, Huawei was undoubted the largest Chinese telecom equipment manufacturer, with integrated and Omni form products. Weakness: The culture gap between Huawei and other companies may be a headache to the Huawei’s managers. The military-styled wolf-pack corporate culture looks not attractive to the employees overseas, who prefer a workplace with more relax and less stress. Besides this, the closed relationship between Huawei and Chinese government, especially the military, should be considered by the other countries of security issues when they planning to cooperate with Huawei. Opportunities: Huawei’s move in the markets of developing countries has been proved to be successful. Huawei has printed its steps in Russia, South Africa, South America and Europe. The market of USA is an opportunity for Huawei to make their next global expansion. Threats: â€Å"Incumbent Western firms should be very scared of Huawei. Its reputation as a low-cost vendor is only the visible part of the iceberg†, As J. Doineau said, Huawei’s threat to the international telecom equipment suppliers was not to be overlooked. But in Huawei’s viewpoint, if all the competitors and potential partner regarding them as an intruder from â€Å"Chinese Military†, they would face serious threats due to the culture misunderstanding. On the other hand, the world leaders, like Cisco, could not freely give up their market shares to Huawei. The threat of face to face competition with them is another challenge to Huawei. Huawei began considering international expansion in 1996 when it was looking for diverse sources of growth beyond the Chinese market. The company made its initial overseas moves in the markets of developing countries, to avoid â€Å"head to head competition with its international rivals such as 3Com and Cisco†. Huawei made its first significant international sale to a Russian telecom service provider in 2000, which was quickly followed by Advanced Info Service, Thailand’s largest mobile service provider, and Tele Norte Leste Participacoes, Brazil’s fixed line carrier. What’s more, major contracts won in United Arab Emirates, making UAE the first Arab country with 3G wireless communications. They set up CDMA network in Europe and expanded business in Portugal, Netherlands and GB. Huawei’s success in global expansion cannot live without its competitive advantages comparing to the other companies: low-cost engineering, wolf-pack culture, and government support. As concluded by an industry analyst, Huawei’s threat came not from low-cost manufacturing, but from low-lost engineering. With an inexpensive and highly qualified research and development (RD) workforce, the company was able to deliver customized, innovative solutions to global enterprises looking to reduce their capital expenditures. The support from the Chinese government is another good news to Huawei. As cited in the case, the company received financial support from the state-owned Chinese Development Bank in the form of a US$10 billion credit facility for Huawei’s international expansions over five year. We never expect that happening in an US company. Last but not least, the management philosophy â€Å"Wolf-Pack† is regarded as a precious to Huawei. We can imagine that a company believing themselves as a pack of wolves-very confident and aggressive. That is why many incumbents feel scared of Huawei like sheep scaring of wolves. However, the competitive advantages cannot sustain forever. The highly qualified employees cannot satisfy the contemporary salary standards, which are high in China, but comparably low in developed countries. The pressure of the salary expenditure increasing makes a threat to Huawei in global expansion. The news shows that Huawei has recently come under attacks by the US government. The reason why US government did that mostly considers the national security issues, because Huawei has a close guanxi with Chinese military. As stated by Cisco’s CEO John Chambers, â€Å"Network would have to be capable of responding to intrusions and viruses before human operators become aware of them. And security will be the most effective and efficient if a common strategy extends through all of a corporation’s wired and mobile networks†. US government is alert to anything related to security. And what looks ironic here is that the words coming from CEO of Cisco, who is mainly competitor of Huawei in US market. With its bountiful political resources, Cisco is considered to be director of attacks. Whether the issue could be resolved is determined by the communications between Huawei and US government, and of course, the local incumbents. How to cite Tsmg5340 Huawei, Papers

A hard lesson learned free essay sample

Orlando Childhood experiences stay with us, even the bad ones. I really should have listened to my friends, my parents, that summer in 1995. I was 13 and he seemed so sweet, so different than other boys I knew. Boy was I right; he was nothing like other boys that I knew. Since then my life has drastically changed and I have learned some pretty Important lessons and what happened during those years as a teenager helped me to become the strong, woman I am today. If I could go back. I wouldnt change anything for the world.It was a warm sunny day, sometime around the end of May 1995, I was walking with my two best friends, Josh and Andrea. Andrea and I were two, boy crazy 13 year olds always giggling and flirting with boys. I close my eyes and remember that day, the sun was starting to go down and we were walking from a local park which was near the towns kiddies football field. We will write a custom essay sample on A hard lesson learned or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We had to get back to Joshs house before my dad got there to pick me and Andrea up. So we decided to cut through this small neighborhood of houses along a short street, and there he was with his best friend ho happened to live in the white house on the corner. Eric was a big guy, not fat Just stocky and so cute. By this time I stopped and so did Andrea (we wanted to get some numbers) Josh got mad and walked on to his house, l will I see you two later k Josh tell my dad I will be there In 5 If he shows up so here I am walking up In my shorts and tank top asking this guy for a cigarette. He of course was acting like an immature boy and threw it at me: I should have realized then what an idiot he was. I talked to him while Andrea talked to the other guy, then I had to go. As I walked off Eric came running and said hey can I get your number? So of course I gave it to him and walked away with the biggest smile as the day turned slowly into a darker hue of blue. He called me the very next day from a payphone In McDonnell where he lived. See I lived In the next town maybe 15 minutes by car but too far to walk. After that conversation I started meeting him at that park near where we had met, lying to my dad that I was going to Joshs. My friendships with others slowly faded into the background, it was all about Eric and he was all about me. Everyone started getting worried that we spent too much time together.Josh and a few others who had grown up and went to school with Eric warned me that he was bad. I Just couldnt believe It. I thought they were Just Jealous of our relationship. Mean yeah he smoked pot, and didnt go to school, he was kind of a bully to others, but I just didnt care he treated me like a queen. We had a lot of good times and he never pressured me to have sex with him. I was head over heels in love at 13 years old! As time went along I finally did it, I lost my virginity to him 7 months after we met, hats when the violence started, and I was actually pregnant Just 3 months later and had started the 8th grade.Of course I didnt know yet but It was also the first time he his number to give to her, but she was out that day and I forgot to hide it, Eric was picking me up that day and he had already started showing signs of Jealousy and anger. Well he picked me up with his friend who was driving and the first thing he noticed was the number. That was it he freaked out told his friend to let us out near his house so we could walk the rest of the way, he took me in the woods and slapped e around pulled my hair, and shook me.All of the sudden he Just snapped out of it, I was crying so hard and was so scared, I didnt know what to do. He Just dropped to his knees and cried and apologi zed and started telling me about his home life I felt so sorry for him and I still loved him. He promised me he would never do it again and I believed him. That was the first lesson I had to learn the hard way. Well once we found out I was pregnant Eric made me quit school. I was his now and there was no reason to be around someone else that may take me away from IM, or talk some sense in me.I figured at least while I am pregnant he want hit me. I was very wrong, he continually abused me in so many ways and so many times I cant even begin to explain. The hitting lasted longer, the apologizing stopped, the name calling became worse. It was a living nightmare every day of my life until I turned 19 years old. I left him finally, after 5 years I hid the bruises and never told anyone what was going on. I was so ashamed and embarrassed but for some reason I still loved him and felt sorry for him and didnt want to leave him.I am so glad I did though. Life is full of lessons and some are very hard, but you learn from mistakes to prevent any future experiences. I also took that experience and turned it into a positive thing. I am 31 years old and have never had another man hurt me again. My daughter who is 17 years old now has never even came close to having that kind of experience and I am sure she never will, Just from seeing me. I also thank god that I turned out to be as tough as I am now and I didnt let it mess me up. My experience was definitely a lesson learned.

THE BOOK OF SAND Essay Example For Students

THE BOOK OF SAND Essay JORGE LUIS BORGES THE BOOK OF SANDClass: Spanish IIA Date: April 1, 1993 Spanish IIA Jorge Luis Borges is a famous Spanish author, known best for his short stories. In this paper, I will discuss several short stories written by Mr. Borges, what influenced him in his writings, and a brief history of his place of origin, Argentina. Borges The Book of Sand is the story of a man who is visitedby a stranger trying to sell a holy book called the Book of Sand. The narrator looks at the book and is unable to see the first or last pages of it because, as the stranger explains, the number of pages is infinite. The narrator is fascinated by the book and buys it, only to become obsessed with it, until the point that it is all he thinks about. He eventually gets rid of it bymixing it up in a pile of many other books in his basement. We will write a custom essay on THE BOOK OF SAND specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As will be discussed in this paper, Borges wrote philosophy in a lot of his works. In The Book of Sand, infinity is depicted in the form of a mysterious book. It symbolizes mans constant search for the worlds existence. Borges is saying that it is an endless search and therefore pointless. The Other is the story of Borges sitting on a bench, as he feels as though he had lived that moment already. He begins to speak to the man seated besides him, and finds out the stranger has the same name, and the same address as he does. When Borges asks the man what year it is, the man answers 1918, even though it is 1969. It is then that the narrator figures out he is talking to the person whom he was fifty-one years earlier. He then tells the other him of the future, after which they part, knowing they will never meet like this again. This story deals with time. The author is very nostalgic and lives for his memories. It also is a philosophical story where Borges expresses his doubt that we all may just be an image of a greater being. The Mirror and the Mask is the story of an Irish king who tells a poet to write a poem describing his power. The poet wrote a praise of his fighting success, and in reward for the excellent poem, the king gives the poet a beautiful mirror and tells him to write another poem. In reward for his next work, the king gives the poet a mask. The king then asks for a third poem and receives a one line poem of perfection and in return gives him an elaborate dagger. The poet feels it to be a sin to hear such perfection andso he stabs himself with the dagger. The king also feels he has done wrong and becomes a beggar in his own kingdom never to repeat the poem again. What Borges is saying in this story is that should not try to understand G-d because he is unable to comprehend Him. He claims that mans quest for truth is an utterly vain task. Jorge Luis Borges was born August 24, 1899 to a financially comfortable family in Buenos Aires, Argentina. His father was a writer, a professor of psychology, and modern languages. He learned at home with a tutor until he was nine and began to learn English at home from his father, who always encouraged him to write. He came from a very literate family, and shared much cherished time with his fathers books. Borges once said for years I believed I had been brought up in a suburb of Buenos Aires, a suburb of dangerous streets and conspicuous sunsets. What is certain is that I was brought up in a garden, behind lanceolate iron railings, in a library of unlimited English books.(Here, he was referring to his fathers library)He was also greatly influenced by published poets and writers who were friends of the family and often visited.In 1914, before World War I, Borges family went to Europe where they traveled until the war was over. .ubcb696c4ad62216b21769f62948b9832 , .ubcb696c4ad62216b21769f62948b9832 .postImageUrl , .ubcb696c4ad62216b21769f62948b9832 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubcb696c4ad62216b21769f62948b9832 , .ubcb696c4ad62216b21769f62948b9832:hover , .ubcb696c4ad62216b21769f62948b9832:visited , .ubcb696c4ad62216b21769f62948b9832:active { border:0!important; } .ubcb696c4ad62216b21769f62948b9832 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubcb696c4ad62216b21769f62948b9832 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubcb696c4ad62216b21769f62948b9832:active , .ubcb696c4ad62216b21769f62948b9832:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubcb696c4ad62216b21769f62948b9832 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubcb696c4ad62216b21769f62948b9832 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubcb696c4ad62216b21769f62948b9832 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubcb696c4ad62216b21769f62948b9832 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubcb696c4ad62216b21769f62948b9832:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubcb696c4ad62216b21769f62948b9832 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubcb696c4ad62216b21769f62948b9832 .ubcb696c4ad62216b21769f62948b9832-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubcb696c4ad62216b21769f62948b9832:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Merce Cunningham Essay During these years of traveling, Borges, in his teenage years, depended a lot on the company of his readings (mainly German philosophy and poetry).When his family returned to Buenos Aires, they were greeted by a more economically flourishing and modernized (due to European immigrants) home. Researchers note that many of Borges poems centered on the older sections of the city, as if he is trying to recapture the essence of a world that was disappearing before him. By the early 1920s, Borges had joined a group of young writers and he undertook the publication of a literary review. He wrote in Prisma , a magazine of art and poetry. He also associated alot with and was greatly influenced by Macedonio Fernandez, an eccentric humorist-philosopher. He was influenced by Fernandezs view of the world and of intellectuals. In 1924, he wrote for the Martin Fierro review, that believed in art for the sake of art. This is where he first becomes famous, and in fact, it was for prose and not poetry. He also wrote with a group called ultraistas who attempted to establish correspondence between sound and color. Borges learned there to reduce lyricism to metaphor, combine several images into one, and rid of wordy, poetic style. He studied and wrote alot on mysteries of the world, its existence, and how it came to be. A theme of time exists through many of Borges writings (as you can see in the stories discussed earlier). Some say the traumatic return to Buenos Aires and his shy personality may be reasons for his interest in eternity and his desire for control of time. He admits in his poems that time moves on, the world changes, that he will grow old, and that the past is gone forever. He says that one can only rely on their memories(as he expresses in The Other). In his fifties, Borges becomes blind, but continues to lecture in colleges and conferences around the world. During his lifetime, Borges was nominated several times for the Noble Prize in Literature. He wrote alot of short stories, literary reviews (based on books that never existed), poems and more. Although he passed away on June 14, 1986, his writings live on to be shared with all generations. When Borges was born, Hipolito Yrigoyen headed the Radical Civic Union. General Roca was president at that time and he defended the middle class (which was what Borges was). Argentina had alot of trade with Britain and helped the economy to flourish.The people became more educated. As you can see, Borges greatest influences were his childhood, familial background, and people he met while starting to write. Borges writings are enjoyable and thought provoking. I definitely recommend it to people interested in philosophy.BibliographyFox, Goeffrey. Argentina; The Land and the People. New York: J.B. Lippincott, 1990. Borges, Jorge Luis.(Translated by: Thomas di Giovanni, Norman).The Book of Sand. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1977.Stabb, Martin S. Borges Revisited. Boston: G.K. Hall Co., 1991Mc Murray, George R. Jorge Luis Borges. New York: Fredrick Ungar Publishing Co., 1980.Alifano, Roberto. Twenty-four Conversations with Borges. MA: Lascaux Publishers, 1984.. Jorge Luis Borges, The Book of Sand (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1977), p.117.. George R. McMurray, Jorge Luis Borges (New York: Fredrick Ungar Publishing Co.,1980), p. 32. . McMurray, p. 127. . McMurray, p. 156. . Robert Alifano, Twenty-four Conversations with Borges (MA: Lascaux Publishers, 1984), p. 7. . Martin S. Stabb, Borges Revisited (Boston: G. K. Hall Co.), pp. 4-6. . Stabb, p. 13. . Stabb, p. 23. . Stabb, p. 53. . McMurray, p. xix. . Stabb, p. 11. . Robert Alifano. Twenty-four Conversations with Borges (MA: Lascaux Publishers, 1984), p. 61. . Geoffrey Fox, Argentina; The Land and People (New York: J.B. Lippincott, 1990), pp. 37, 175. .u031912a0ce663f05e09466bca9b48a9a , .u031912a0ce663f05e09466bca9b48a9a .postImageUrl , .u031912a0ce663f05e09466bca9b48a9a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u031912a0ce663f05e09466bca9b48a9a , .u031912a0ce663f05e09466bca9b48a9a:hover , .u031912a0ce663f05e09466bca9b48a9a:visited , .u031912a0ce663f05e09466bca9b48a9a:active { border:0!important; } .u031912a0ce663f05e09466bca9b48a9a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u031912a0ce663f05e09466bca9b48a9a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u031912a0ce663f05e09466bca9b48a9a:active , .u031912a0ce663f05e09466bca9b48a9a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E5 0; } .u031912a0ce663f05e09466bca9b48a9a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u031912a0ce663f05e09466bca9b48a9a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u031912a0ce663f05e09466bca9b48a9a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u031912a0ce663f05e09466bca9b48a9a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u031912a0ce663f05e09466bca9b48a9a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } . u031912a0ce663f05e09466bca9b48a9a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18px; top: 0; } .u031912a0ce663f05e09466bca9b48a9a .u031912a0ce663f05e09466bca9b48a9a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u031912a0ce663f05e09466bca9b48a9a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Get Gonzo: Not Your Cuddly Blue Haired Journalism Essay

Reading Response to Ode to a Nightingale Essays

Reading Response to Ode to a Nightingale Essays Reading Response to Ode to a Nightingale Essay Reading Response to Ode to a Nightingale Essay In Ode to a Nightingale Keats introduces the reader to his discontent with the void of feeling he is experiencing. In the first line Keats says how his, â€Å"heart aches† which the reader would interpret as pain; however the second half of the first line he describes, â€Å"A drowsy numbness†. This tells me that Keats is uncomfortable with the â€Å"numbness† he experiences. In the second line Keats says, â€Å"as though of hemlock I had drunk†. Norton foot notes tell us that hemlock is a poison that acts as a tranquilizer in mild doses. Sedatives cause a euphoria that could be described as â€Å"drowsy numbness†. In the first line Keats repeats the A sound with â€Å"aches, and a drowsy numbness pains†. In the second line Keats repeats the H sound with â€Å"Hemlock I had drunk†. This alliteration and assonance creates a sort of euphoric musical quality, further emphasizing Keats’ chemically induced lack of feeling described. Continuing with the idea of drug induced emptiness in the third line Keats speaks of â€Å"some dull opiate to the drains†. Also continuing the use of assonance Keats repeats the D sound with â€Å"emptied some dull opiate to the drains†. Again the feeling produced by this repetition mimics the numb sway of a high. However this line is still more obvious than the first two because Keats mentions â€Å"opiate† which is a much more well-known drug that produces a numb sort of euphoria. The fourth line of the poem introduces a new dynamic to the first stanza. Keats says, â€Å"Lethe-wards had sunk:† Norton tells us that Lethe is a mythological river in Hades that causes forgetfulness. With this line Keats’ intention in the first stanza can be expanded from a euphoric void of feeling to one that causes him to forget. Because of this and Keats’ later references to intoxication (see stanza 2) as well as references to death (see stanza 3) the reader could infer that Keats’ desired the forgetful, euphoric, lack of feeling. Though Keats opens the poem in line one with â€Å"My heart aches† one could debate just how much his heart really aches.

Under what circumstances, if any terrorism is justified Essay

Under what circumstances, if any terrorism is justified - Essay Example Augustine who first gave the two principles of entering into a war i.e. the war should be jus in bello (just in action) and jus ad bellum (just in cause). This definition was accepted in the English law and is considered the basis of commonly accepted laws for waging or entering into a war with other nations. Terrorism and any apologist for terrorism will only be able to provide a lukewarm cause for the act (jus ad bellum) but the second requirement of just actions can not be accepted as they often occur. For instance, targeting innocent civilians is not permissible in any way while the first targets of any act of terror are often civilians. It must be noted that there can be no distinction made between terrorism and retaliation for terrorism which can be termed as terrorism itself (Sterba, 2003). For instance, if the US launches a strike against terrorists and kills innocent civilians in the process they can not be termed â€Å"collateral damage†. A spade has to be called a spade and killing innocent civilians defies the dictum of jus in bello. This is precisely the reason why those who try to justify an attack against civilian targets are wrong. An attack on civilians is murderous; it can not be justified by being based on a cause, or by being done against a certain nationality or even against people who have wronged us. The problem of finding a just cause for terrorism has always been the idea that one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter (May, 2003). This notion has to be clarified using the legal definition of terrorism and the legal definition of war. Once that is done, it will be clear that any nation, group or person who targets civilians for political gains is a terrorist and can not justify their acts in any way. In fact, Sterba (2003) says that only two wars in recent history fulfilled both the clauses of just means and just cause, The Pakistan India war which led to the creation of Bangladesh and the Tanzanian

Controversy - School Of The Americas Research Paper

Controversy - School Of The Americas - Research Paper Example   Till 1995 most of the wars in Latin America had settled down. At that time the US support for the region was commendable. Several aid packages from the US had also helped Americas in reaching political and economic stability in the region. The prominent aid programs included the Brady debt Relief Proposal which helped the Americas in ending the long period of debt induced recession. Other aid proposals included NAFTA and a 1995 rescue package led by Washington that helped in restoring economic stability in Mexico (Hakim, 2006). However, critics are of the view that despite all the efforts made by the US the foreign policy of the US towards Latin America is without any sense of direction. The relationship has further gone down after the 9/11 incident. Washington has lost its interest in the Latin American affairs and seems only to interfere when the trouble becomes unbearable. With this background, it is obvious that the Washington policies would lose their support in the region. Only a few states of Latin Americans are of the view that the US is a dependable partner and can actually play a positive role in solving the Latin American affairs. Currently the critics are of the view that the US relations with Latin America are at the lowest stage and the failure of the US policies in Latin America, the stubborn attitude of the US over several issues and the reluctance of the Clinton and Bush administration to accept the strong domestic constituencies are indicative of the failure of the US in the region.

Business Plan For Sandton Fitness Centre Marketing Essay

Business Plan For Sandton Fitness Centre Marketing Essay Sandton fitness centre and beauty spa is a new gym that is for everyone (male and female) that creates a comfortable environment for everyone to pursue their fitness goals. It is situation in Sandton at Johannesburg. Sandton fitness centre and beauty spa have the most satisfactory/best equipment, best personal trainers, dietician, special classes and psychologists. Sandton fitness centre and beauty spa is located in the urban where people have a very active life and very little time to spend on fitness and healthy life. Heart disease and obesity are on record high causing increase in health club demand. Low income market segment is ignored by key competitors in the market Club memberships in South Africa have increased every year since 1994 and a strong market makes a strong business. We are a solid investment because start-up sports gyms on average take in 1,000 new members per year. This will allow our business to break even in less than five years. Our club, Sandton Fitness Center will offer its members quality services and benefits that no other club can offer. We want to take investments and use them wisely in order to create a sports facility that pleases customers. In sports clubs, the top five most profitable programs/services are personal training, massage therapy, food/beverages, an aquatics program, and a tennis program. Our gym will provide all of these services and thus increase our productivity. We will build a large complex that will include a pool, personal training facilities, basketball courts, a day spa, tennis courts, and many other features to attract clientele. In Sandton were our fitness center will be situated has 20 to 64 year old population. This means not only that our clientele pools is large but that these people are experienced and have attained the socioeconomic status that will be needed in order to attain and maintain our service. In conclusion, our profitable new gym will be a coordinated effort among four aspiring entrepreneurs to create the ultimate in sports and leisure fitness. Company Description Sandton Fitness Centre and Beauty Spa are focused on teenagers (13+), young adults and adults. Sandton Fitness Centre has its different programs for different age groups. Sandton Fitness Centre is 55,000 square feet. It is located in 1560 Grayston Street, in Sandton. Sandton Fitness Centre and Beauty spa also have a childcare centre, where they look after children while their parents are busy with their workouts. The childcare centre can currently care for 40 children but only 10 infants. Sandton Beauty Spa is a new destination offering customers the combination of full body massage, waxing, body treatments, facials, manicures, pedicures, anti- aging treatments and lasers. Company history Fitness Centre and Beauty spa was created on 14 February 2007, to provide busy and working people with a fitness centre and a beauty spa. Fit centre and a beauty spa all combined surprised and made people excited. Fitness centre is privately financed by businessman and investors. More than 80,000 was invested into the company. The money covered equipments, advertising campaigns, flyers, posters, advertising an internet and to create a domain name. the company struggled for long, most people preferred the gym not the beauty spa, because they were complaining and worried about the costs. So the centre had to lower them a little bit. Sales were also less. So Fitness centre decided to make specials every after two months and on special occasions like Valentines Day and birthdays, but only on the beauty spas side. The gym price remains the same. At the end things got better. Mission statements Create members workout environment that promoters confidence in our clients. Fitness centre and beauty spa provides our members with beauty treatment at a fair price and competitive price, while providing with the high level of customers service and satisfaction. Our business is focused on everyone most especially celebrities who care a lot about fitness and looking good. Product and Services Fitness Centre and Beauty Spa Services are the following: Fitness centre has a professional personal trainer who will assist everyone in the gym. Our personal trainers assist you with a exercise program. Fitness Centre also has a qualified dietician who will help each member on his/her best and healthy food to eat. Inside the gym there are paramedics who are there to help people if may be a member gets injured or collapses, or any other sickness, they are there full time. Fitness Centre has also hired a qualified psychologist, who will help with lots of stress and encouraging them for a way forward to live a healthy life. Beauty Spa Services Full body massage Waxing Manicure Pedicure Anti ageing treatments Facials Lasers Offer creams and beauty product on sale Industry analysis Size The health and fitness market is very large and still growing more and more because of the health revolution people have become more health conscious in an effort to preserve and prolong their lives due to the fast pace living style of today. The fitness and health industry is a 40 billion dollar that is fast paced and innovative and highly competitive. In South Africa the market is not matured yet it is still in its infancy at the moment. Growth The international health and fitness industry has grown approximately 12% for the past decade with the exception with 2009 it decreased 3 % due to the slow down of consumer spending because of the global credit crisis. Locally the health and fitness industry has also grown especially because of the performance of one the leaders of the local health and fitness industry Planet fitness was voted the best performing companies of 2010 despite the slow down of the economy. Sales projection The over all industry is expected to only grow 10% because of the high unemployment and poor consumer spending meaning that people are reluctant to spend their money spending only on absolute necessities. Industry structure The South African health and fitness industry is dominated by a handful of large firms being Virgin Active, Planet fitness and Smart Gym. However these large health and fitness service providers are not exploring the entire market and meeting the specific needs that we have been able to identify in the market. They are to large to satisfy the distinctive needs of the entire market in terms of innovation and creativity and personalised serviced as well as the simplification of services. They are also slow to react to changes in the business environment as well as the new trends and developments in the world of health and fitness .For example the trend now is the simplification and ease of anything and everything that would complicate our life making use of creative and innovative ideas to increase life quality and prolong lives as long as possible. Critical Success Factors 1. Commitment At the Top. 2. Qualified Professional Staff. 3. Plan Then Proceed. 4. Location, Location, Location. 5. Right Size Right Cost. 6. Program to Match Needs 7. Effective Integration. 8. Right Price Minimal Discounts. 9. Commitment to Marketing and Sales. 10. Commitment to Outstanding Customer Service. 11. Measure, Manage and Measure Again. 12. Effective Communications with Members. Management Team and Company Structure The management team is comprised of all the founders of The Santon Health and Fitness Center Keleabetswe Sepengused, Marcelino Maliti Moises, Gonste Bokaba and Kgabo Lucia Mathibe. Director of Marketing and sales The director of marketing and sales is responsible for all the marketing of the company needs for example promotion, advertising, market research and sales Mrs. Keleabetswe Sepeng used to be the marketing and sales manager for Virgin Active from 2005 -2011 she will take charge of the same post in the new company. Mrs Sepeng is highly recognized in the industry and has a masters degree in marketing Chief Financial Officer The chief financial officer is responsible for the over all financial control and management of the company. The duties and responsibility involve creating control, managerial and evaluating measures for proper, ethical and legal financial control Mr. Marcelino M Moises will take the position of CFO Chief Financial Officer since he has the most qualified and has the most experience in the field after having worked for Planet fitness for over 10 years Mr. Marcelino has a Bachelor of Accounting Sciences and BA degree in Business Administrations Chief Executive Officer The chief executive officer is the highest position in the company, the duties and responsibilities of the CEO is the overall running of the entire organization, make decisions for the entire organizations .planning ,leading, organize ,controlling Mr. Gontse Bokaba will take the position of CEO Chief Executive Officer of the organization. Mr. Gontse Bokaba has worked for SAA South African Air Lines for more than 5 as the chief operations manager. Mr. Gontse Bokaba has a Master degree in Business Management Chief Operations Officer The chief operations officer is responsible planning, coordinating and managing the operations of the company theses include office administrations, overseeing that both products and services are Mrs. Kgabo Lucia Mathibe will exercise the position of COO Chief Operations officer or Managing Director because she has been the manager at a day Spar for many years so she has both insight and knows the beauty industry in and out. Mrs. Kgabo Lucia has a degree in Business Administrations and a master in Human resource management. As well as head the human resources department seeing as he has experience in recruiting and staffing. CEO Gontse DOM Keleabetswe CFO Marcelino COO Lucia Industry structure The South African health and fitness industry is dominated by a handful of large firms being Virgin Active, Planet fitness and Smart Gym. However these large health and fitness service providers are not exploring the entire market and meeting the specific needs that we have been able to identify in the market. They are to large to satisfy the distinctive needs of the entire market in terms of innovation and creativity and personalised serviced as well as the simplification of life. They are also slow to react to changes in the business environment as well as the new trends and developments in the world of health and fitness. Industry Trends Individual usage of fitness and health care training equipment has increased. Body work out and exercise has become a daily life routine of many people around the world in the last decade. Fitness memberships are increasingly getting popular in office environment around the world Companies are including health memberships as part of employee remuneration package. Long- Term Prospectus To ensure a continual development of the health and fitness industry in the country. To raise awareness of the increase of obesity and heart deceases in the country and to promote healthy living Market analysis Johannesburg is a capital city of Gauteng. It is the major harbor of South African business. All the major companies of business are based in Joburg. The current population of Johannesburg is 11million. All types of professions are found in Johannesburg. So, it is a competitive advantage to make business in Johannesburg. Market segmentation It focuses on fitness, health and beauty. Our target market when it comes to the gym, is for everyone especially families and for the beauty spa, our target market are young adults, male and female from the ages of 13-55 years. They have to earn a minimum of R3000 and more. For children between 13 and 20, parents have to be responsible for their membership. The money is going to be deducted every month in the parents accounts, for their childrens membership. The centre and beauty Spa would work very hard to see consumers being satisfied about what the centre delivers. Customers perceive more value from a good or service that seems to deliver more benefits for money. Market research will cover the following: customer needs, cultural elements, social connections, where family members, friends or associates can influence how, what, and when consumers buy, personnel elements, marketers for the fitness centre and beauty Spa. See opportunity in reaching young girls who are concentrating on their career and looking good when going to work and going out with friends, older women and men who are taking care of their health because of many diseases like obesity, high blood etc. Target market selection Target customers: the primary customer is children, young adults and adults. These customers are ages 12-65 years There approximately 3000 customers: 15% children, 50% young adults and 35 adults. 70%percent of young adults and adults are celebrities who spent most of their time at Sandton. Some of them homes are there. Competitors Analysis Our main competitors are Virgin Active, Planet Fitness and Smart gym Sandton Fitness Centre and Beauty Spa is the environment that is created in the facility. Our customers feel more relaxed and comfortable in a program that is focused on them. We have designed the childcare center to be visible from the main workout floor. Young mothers can oversee the child play while working out. Our main concern is to provide our customer with a direction who will organize each of our members healthy eating program and providing our members with a personal trainer who will ensure that a member do right exercise all the time according to his/her workout plan Marketing plan Sandton Fitness Center will focus on creating a brand image in the Johannesburg and Sandton area. We will Participate in the major events of health care awareness and education programs. Sandton Fitness Center will start by targeting low income segment of market downtown Sandton and Johannesburg area. We will convince people about the benefits and needs of wellness programs. This will be accomplished by aggressively pursuing interaction and relationships with peoples in public health awareness programs and by sending newsletters and emails through Social interactive websites like Face book, Twitter and Msn and Google messenger. Pricing Our prices and promotions are always subject to change especially when we take into account the fluctuating membership enrollments; however, for the most part our initial fees for our services will be R300 and R80 monthly for a general membership. We will also offer to customers the option of paying daily fees. This fee will be R50 charge for a days use of any service that our business provides. In addition we can offer to individuals the option of using exclusively our day spa for just one day. To use this option we will charge a standard fee of R25. For another pricing option we will give customers the option of paying an annual fee up front for R1, 100, this would be a saving of over R150. This move would benefit us as well considering we will see an immediate return on our investments allowing us to re-pay our debt quickly. This type of pricing will set us over many of our competitors rates; however the most important opponent will be outbid. Planet fitness, which comes closest t o what we provide, will be outbid by over R600 and other competitors do not offer the level of resources that we will sell to our customers. In this way we feel that the service we sell and the price we offer can overcome or compete heavily with every competitor in the market. PromotionPlan   We will attempt to use a variety of strategies in order to make contact with potential members. A fairly cheap and easily accessible form of advertisement will be the Internet. By running our own website, www.SandtonFitnessCenter.com we can reach a wide variety of customers. This is also a fairly cheap way in which to get our name out since it will only cost our company $9.95 to launch and run the site annually. Another cost effective way to market our name will be to have various sales promotions and use flyers to get the word out. By making use of the following mediums of communication newspapers, magazines, television and radio as the medium of advertisement. In addition they will print 5,000 brochures for creating awareness in the market about their health care services; they will be distributed in major health care seminars and events where officials from Fitness Plus will participate. Operational plan Service Execution Timeline: Sandton Fitness Center will follow this service execution model to enter in the health club market. General trainer payroll and even provide our members with online scheduling, registration, bill payment and more. Establishing and maintaining membership opportunities is essential to owning successful business and our business may have monthly specials or different membership level in order to maximize sales. Our online registration system allows families to complete registration 34/7 from any internet connected computer. We created custom club sign-up forms and website., process most types of payment, manage room to block and reservations, create name badges, auto sent reminder e-mails and mange our members over complete reports. Business Location Sandton Fitness Centre and Beauty Spar is located in Nelson Mandela Square at Sandton city, is only 25km from Johannesburg international airport Task February March April May June July August Choosing location Website development Hiring, training and admin staff Advertising Opening of health club Location: Sandton Fitness Center will start its business in main street area of Coral Gables; there is presence of already established health clubs such as Golds Gym and Coral Gables Adventure Boot camp. Legal Environment: There are no current legal obligations for Fitness Plus health club. Personnel: Fitness Plus will start with a total of 10 initial staff members that includes owners as well. Facilities and Equipment Fitness Centre offers a large selection of equipment: Treadmills (20) Bicycles (10) Steppers Stairmaster Body trek Cross aerobic trainer Weights Services: Sandton Fitness Center will provide following health related services: Aerobics Cycling Boxing Yoga Pilates Muscle Training Diabetes Obesity Control Beauty treatments eg. massages, pedicures, manicures, facials Benefits and Features: State of the art facility with latest equipment from quality manufacturers Low cost with monthly, quarterly and annual subscription plans. Personal qualified trainers to help our members achieving results without wasting much time Why people need this service? Health care and fitness club market in around South Africa have been serving to a high income segment of late. Average income of health club member is R 50000 as of 2006 survey. This leaves a large segment of low-income customers with unmet needs. Fitness Plus will primarily exist to provide health care facility to the lower income class without compromising on quality of service. Challenges: Fitness Plus will face a challenging situation in creating its brand image and attracting customers towards their services due to presence of already established players in the local market such as: Virgin Active Planet Fitness SmartGym Financial Plan Sources of Capital Investment requirement R5, 000,000 Total Investment R5, 000,000 Startup Expenses Health club development R1, 000, 000 Personnel R290, 000 Capital Expenditures R500, 000 Consulting Services R100, 000 Promotion R60, 000 Total Start-up Expenses R1, 950, 000 Our company, Sandton Fitness Center will meet capital needs by talking to various money sources. These sources will include family members, banks, venture capitalist, and personal savings. We hope to receive R5 million before we even begin our venture. By the first year we will be losing R2.4 million with an expected 1,000 members. By the second year we will have double our member to 2,000 and have a combined loss of R25 around 2.4 million including the first years losses. By the third year with 3,000 members, we will show a profit of R1 million. We hope by explaining this outlook to investors they will be convinced of our legitimate venture. Also by showing our belief in the company we each will invest R250,000. We project getting R3 million from venture capitalist and the rest of the money from a bank loan that would be paid off by the fifth year of operation. Pro forma Income Stament Projected Income Sandton Fitness Center Income Statement YEAR1 YEAR2 YEAR3 YEAR4 Sales R1,260,000.00 R 2,520.000 R3,780,000 R3,970,000 Net sales R1,260,000.00 R2,520,000 R3,780,000 R3,970,000 Gross Profit 0 R 1,077,520 R 1,267,521 Operating Expenses Payroll expense R551, 000.00 R551, 000 R 551,000 R 551,000 Payroll tax expense R38, 570.00 R38,570 R 38,570, R 38,570 Bad debts expense R194, 500.00 R194, 500.00 R194, 500.00 R194, 500.00 Promotional Expense R62, 009.95 R62, 009.95 R62, 009.95 R62, 009.95 Office supplies expense R220, 000.00 R220, 000.00 R220, 000.00 R220, 000.00 Utilities expense R120, 000.00 R120, 000.00 R120, 000.00 R120, 000.00 Insurance expense R200, 000.00 R200, 000.00 R200, 000.00 R200, 000.00 In-club entertainment R1, 000.00 R1, 000.00 R1, 000.00 R1, 000.00 Lease costs for building R1, 200,000.00 R1, 200,000.00 R1, 200,000.00 R1, 200,000.00 Depreciation expense, office equipment R15, 400.00 R15, 400.00 R15, 400.00 R15, 400.00 Maintenance and repairs expense R50, 000.00 R50, 000.00 R50, 000.00 R50, 000.00 Miscellaneous selling expense R50, 000.00 R50, 000.00 R50, 000.00 R50, 000.00 R2,702,479.95 R2,702,479.95 R2,702,479.95 R2,702,479.95 Other Expenses Building of pool R110, 000.00 Building of basketball courts R350, 000.00 Building of tennis courts R75, 000.00 Building of track and indoor soccer field R370, 000.00 Spa features R120, 000.00 R1,025,000.00 Net Income R 2,467,479.95 Projected Balance sheet Year 2009 Year 2010 Rm Rm Non-current assets Intangible assets Tangible assets Investments Taxation recoverable 237.6 121.9 2.0 4.9 366.4 260.3 137.5 2.8 5.9 406.5 Current Assets Inventories Amount receivable (debtors) Six-month deposits Cash and cash equivalents 24.3 134.7 90.5 249.5 26.6 146.9 2.0 105.3 280.8 Current liabilities Amount payable(creditors) Bank overdraft Net current assets Total assets less current liabilities (157.5) (62.6) (220.1) 29.4 395.8 (159.8) (40.1) (199.9) 80.9 487.4 Non-current liabilities Amount payable (creditors) Bank and other borrowings Provisions Net assets (2.6) 0.6 (22.2) 370.4 (2.7) (0.7) (20.2) 464.3 Capital and reserves Shareholders funds 370.4 464.3 Pro forma Cash Flows (3-Year) Sandton Fitness Center Plus Year 1 Year 2 Year3 Cash Received Cash from Operations Cash Sales R1, 230,000 R4, 940,000 R14,751,000 Cash from Receivables R0 R0 R0 Subtotal Cash from Operations R1,230,000 R4,940,000 R14,751,000 Additional Cash Received New Borrowing R1,000,000 R0 R0 New Other Liabilities (interest-free) $ 0 R0 R0 New Long-term Liabilities R0 R0 R0 Sales of Other Current Assets R0 R0 R0 Sales of Long-term Assets $ 0 R0 R0 New Investment Received R0 R0 R0 Subtotal Cash Received R2,230,000 R4,940,000 R14,751,000 Expenditures Expenditures from Operations Personnel R290, 000 R840,000 R940,000 Consulting Services R90, 000 R480,000 R480,000 Promotion R5,000 R6,000 R6,000 Subtotal Spent on Operations R385,000 R1,326,000 R1,426,000 Additional Cash Spent Taxes R32,290 R338,580 R1,302,500 Principal Repayment of Current Borrowing R0 R0 R0 Other Liabilities Principal Repayment R0 R0 R0 Long-term Liabilities Principal Repayment R0 R0 R0 Purchase Other Current Assets R0 R0 R0 Purchase Long-term Assets R810,000 R810,000 R1,345,000 Dividends R0 R0 R0 Subtotal Cash Spent R1,227,290 R2,474,580 R4,073,500 Net Cash Flow R1,002,710 R2,465,420 R10,677,500 Cash Balance R1,012,710 R3,478,130 R14,155,630 CONCLUSION Through the plan that we have outlined we feel confident that although a very intricate and complex process to start and run such a company, we can accomplish such an ambitious endeavor. We have analyzed the market, covered expenses, visualized a goal, and planned accordingly. Our company would be a sound investment because assets and collateral would insure re-payment and realistic projections allow for error if they are needed. To be realistic, we cannot guarantee a success, but as the proverb goes, A hero is one who knows how to hang on one minute longer and this is the entrepreneurial spirit that we will carry throughout the life of our fitness center.

Many Are the Crimes

The period of McCarthyism brought strong anti-communist campaign in the United States which started in the 1940s and ended in the 1950s. This era was also known as the Second Red Scare. There were fears of Communist infiltration on American organizations and â€Å"espionage by Soviet agents† (Fried, 124). It was a troubled time during the McCarthy era where many Americans where charged of being Communists or being Communist sympathizers. Many of them went through a series of investigations and interrogations by government committees and agencies. These investigations were directed at individuals who work for the government, those in the entertainment business, union members and educators. Although evidences were weak and often exaggerated, suspicions were given more weight. As a result, many Americans lost their jobs and some were even incarcerated (Fried, 150). In Ellen Schrecker’s book Many Are the Crimes, the author describes the persecution of the Communist Party in the U.S. from the 1920s until the 1950s. Schrecker believed that McCarthyism contributed to the downfall of Communism in America and thrusted the country into a gulf of right-wing sentiments which plagues the U.S. until now ( Reeves, Are You Now†¦A new study of McCarthyism and the legacy of HUAC, 1998). The first three chapters of Schrecker’s book explain the Communist Party’s emergence in the 1930s in America. She explained why the Communist Party was susceptible to attacks by the U.S. government. The second chapter â€Å"Red Baiters, Inc.† is an extensive analysis of people and institutions which characterized anticommunism in the 1920s and 1930s (Schrecker, 41). The author outlines Franklin D. Roosevelt’s stance on Communism. According to Schrecker, President Roosevelt’s approach to Communism was â€Å"non-ideological† (p. 87), there were occasions that he did not pay attention to the existence of the Communist Party and there were times that he supported political suppression. Roosevelt authorized the FBI under J. Edgar Hoover to look into the Communist Party’s movement because they saw it as â€Å"a threat to national security† (p. 89). In Chapter 4, Schrecker discusses the U.S. government’s propaganda that the Communist Party was being influenced by Moscow. In Chapter 5, the author talks about how Americans saw Communism as a national threat through â€Å"subversion, espionage and sabotage† (p. 181). In the third part of Ellen Schrecker’s book, explains the â€Å"instruments† of anti-communism and how the FBI under J. Edgar Hoover used different tactics to purge communists in America by wiretapping and surveillance (p. 239). Schrecker discussed the role of Senator John McCarthy in the â€Å"anti-communist crusade†, and his â€Å"disregard for civil liberties† (p. 265). The last chapters of the book Many Are the Crimes, Schrecker talks about the experiences of Clinton Jencks and members of the workers union and how they were persecuted and eventually lost their jobs.   Schrecker explains the impact of McCarthyism in the American society, how it â€Å"destroyed the left† and paralyzed the Communist Party (p. 369). In context, Schrecker’s book exposed the effects of the McCarthy era not only in politics but also in the entertainment business wherein the Hollywood blacklist dictated who would produce movies and star in those films. Screenwriters, actors and actresses did not escape interrogation by the anticommunist committees and those found guilty of espionage were sent to jail (Whitfield, p. 194). The unions played an important part in those days because they talked about racial concerns in terms of equality. The union also provided support for women’s issues. It showed the inequality in terms of salaries that female workers get and how they are poorly-paid in comparison with the male workers. The union also encouraged women to be strong leaders. These progressive attempts of bringing change in the role of women in society and the work force were halted during the McCarthy era (Cherny, p.10). For the most part the greatest damage done during the McCarthy era was the destruction of the American left and the decline of the Communist Party in America. In terms of social policy, McCarthyism interrupted the reforms needed for health insurance. The country’s â€Å"cultural and intellectual life† became stagnant because of censorship during the McCarthy era (Schrecker, The Legacy of McCarthyism). The downfall of the McCarthy era was due to the decline of public support and court decisions which upheld individual rights and freedom (Fried, p. 197). With the current situation in the U.S., people are more vigilant and aware of the effects of McCarthyism. This episode will serve as a â€Å"cautionary tale for future generations† (Rosen, Could It Happen Again?). Works Cited Cherny, Robert W., William Issel and Kieran Walsh Taylor. American Labor and the Cold War: Grassroots Politics and Postwar Political Culture. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2004. Fried, Albert. McCarthyism, The Great American Red Scare: A Documentary History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Reeves, Thomas C. â€Å"Are You Now†¦.A New Study of McCarthyism and the Legacy of HUAC†.   14 June 1998. http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/06/14/reviews/980614. 14reevest.html. Retrieved on 7 January 2008. Rosen, Ruth. â€Å"Could It Happen Again?† 12 May 2003. http://www.commondreams.org/ views03/0512-01.htm. Retrieved on 7 January 2008. Schrecker, Ellen. â€Å"The Legacy of McCarthyism†. Retrieved on 7 January 2008. Schrecker, Ellen. Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1999. Whitfield, Stephen J. The Culture of the Cold War. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.                                 

Stay Forever Young

Topic: Stay Forever Young Serum Pattern: Criteria Satisfaction Purpose: After hearing this presentation, prospective customers will want to buy Morgan's â€Å"Stay Forever Young† serum. Thesis: Stay Forever Young by Morgan is the best serum on the market to reduce all fine lines and wrinkles including dark spots and black circles. As Audrey Hepburn once said, â€Å"And the beauty of a woman, with passing years only grows! † (Hepburn) With some of the best ingredients in the world all combined together to give you the amazing Stay Forever Young serum, and at a reasonable price, this is the chance ofa lifetime. B.After you compare all other products who claim to be able to reduce fine lines, wrinkles, dark spots, and black circles, you will see that Stay Forever Young serum is the best to get the Job done. C. As I will be explaining, Stay Forever Young serum is safe, really works, and is reasonably priced. Transition: I will start by explaining how Stay Forever Young is s afe for every skin type. BODY l. Stay Forever Young serum is safer than most other ways to reduce aging. A. Stay Forever Young is an all-around natural product with no harsh chemicals. Sun exposure, smoking, pollution, stress, chemicals and diet all are factors towards aging.Rao, 2008) B. Our serum also is in a cream that you may apply twice daily, which means no needles to the face. C. FDA approved. Transition: Not only is Stay Forever Young a safe product to apply, it really does work! II. Stay Forever Young serum really works to reduce wrinkles, fine lines, reduce the appearance of dark spots and black circles. A. Our serum has been proved and tested over and over again through many women with many various skin types. B. Our serum has some of the best ingredients in the world. C. To prove our product works, we will be giving out free samples and trial offers.Transition: You may think with all these features and benefits that our serum has to offer that it will be expensive. Ill. To top off these wonderful benefits, our serum is reasonably priced. A. Our product is made affordable for all. B. If you find a better product at a lower price we will price match. Transition: By now you can see how beneficial our product will be for you. CONCLUSION A. Stay Forever Young is safe, it truly works, and is made at an affordable price. B. Everyone wishes to have youthfulness, and at a price they can afford. Works Cited Rao, Lleaon (2008). Anti-Aging Beauty Secrets.

What Is a Salt Bridge

A salt bridge is a connection containing a weak electrolyte between the oxidation and reduction half-cells in a galvanic cell  (e.g., voltaic cell, Daniell cell). Its purpose is to keep the electrochemical reaction from reaching equilibrium too quickly. If a cell is constructed without a salt bridge, one solution would quickly accumulate positive charge while the other would accumulate negative charge. This would halt the reaction and thus the generation of electricity. Types of Salt Bridges The two main types of salt bridges are a glass tube and a piece of filter paper: Glass Tube Bridge: This is a U-shaped glass tube filled with an electrolyte, such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, or potassium nitrate. The electrolyte needs to be relatively unreactive with other chemicals in the cell and have cations and anions with similar migratory speed (comparable ion charge and molecular weight). Because a salt solution could easy diffuse into the cell, the electrolyte is often held in a gel, such as agar-agar. The concentration of the salt solution is the biggest factor in conductivity. The diameter of the tube also has an effect. Lowering the concentration of the electrolyte or narrowing the glass tube lowers conductivity. Filter Paper Bridge: Another common type of salt bridge consists of filter paper or another porous material soaked in an electrolyte (usually sodium chloride or potassium chloride). In this bridge, conductivity is affected by electrolyte concentration, porosity of the filter paper, and the roughness of the paper. A smooth, absorbent paper yields higher conductivity than rough paper with low absorbency. Reference Hogendoorn, Bob (2010).  Heinemann Chemistry Enhanced (2). Melbourne, Australia: Pearson Australia. p.  416.